Aids and its History :: Free AIDS Essays

For the fast several years an AIDS vaccine has been the key focus in AIDS research. While the government sees the vaccine as a termination to the disease, but a portion of the public along with many renowned scientists from around the world would argue against a vaccine. The United Nations and the US military have threatened to administer a mandatory vaccine to children at the age of 12 and all military employees. Reports predict a massive resistance to a mandatory AIDS vaccine in the US. (www.newsmax.shtml) The Committtee to Protect Medical Freedom warned that the vaccine would infact put more people at risk of contracting the deadly disease. AIDS is not like polio or smallpox, which can occur randomly without any warning; the public already knows how to avoid this disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coverage of ‘promising’ vaccines is extremely misleading, and those being tested so far appear harmful and dangerous. (newsmax.com) Even with the disparencies surrounding these vaccines, the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases is sponsoring an HIV vaccine test on babies born to HIV-infected mothers. The program has admitted that a small percentage of their trial applicants have indeed become infected, but now have access to the best medical care available. The available data on such vaccines gives no basis for testing on humans. Scientists and Government officials have been debating on this issue for many years now. However, the divergence of AIDS and HIV has a long and tedious history full of twists and turns and dead end roads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little to nothing was known about AIDS when it first erupted in the late 1970s. When the epidemic finally reached noticeable proportions in the early 1980s, numerous hypotheses emerged. â€Å"Theories attempting to explain the origin of the disease ranged from the comic to the bizarre: a deadly germ escaped from a CIA laboratory: God sent the plague down to punish homosexuals and drug addicts: it came from outer space, riding on the tail of a comet.† (newdawnmagazine.com) Though some of the theories were outlandish, a few hold ample evidence. Among the theories dismissed and rejected by the government were those of covert human medical experimentation and primate viruses. The government ignored all the dangerous viral creations that were genetically altered for cancer research, vaccine research, and secret biological warfare. (newdawnmagazine.com) There are claims that the polio vaccine given to Africans in the late 1950s was prepared using chimp kidney cel ls that were contaminated with the ancestor virus of HIV.

Nutrition Implications in Complex Disease: Whole Grain Oat Cereal Lowers Serum Lipids

Coronary heart disease, CHD, has been predicted to persist as the major cause of high mortality rate for the coming decades. In line with this, the development of ischemic heart disease was attributed to the increasing level of low-density lipoprotein or LDL blood cholesterol. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program or NCNEP adult treatment panel, less than or equal to 5. 17 millimole per liter (200 milligram per deciliter) is the ideal blood cholesterol level for individuals of age higher than 20 years while higher than 6. 21 millimole per liter or 240 milligram per deciliter is risky. In connection to this, about twenty nine percent of adults older than 20 years in the United States have 6. 21 millimoles per liter blood cholesterol. Meanwhile, researches have shown that consumption of dietary soluble fibers lowers blood cholesterol level as epidemiologic studies revealed that the CHD development can be alleviated by means of dietary fiber consumption. In fact, more than thirty researches that were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration of the United States by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Report validated the efficacy of soluble fiber consumption on blood cholesterol reduction. Clinical studies showed that soluble fibers from selected gums, psyllium, oat bran, pectin, and oats generally caused six percent to nineteen percent serum cholesterol reduction. Since the low cholesterol and low saturated fat diet has been employed in hypercholesterolemia medical therapy, this study aimed for the assessment of commercially available whole grain oat cereal, as employed with the step-one diet of the American Heart Association (AHA), in the reduction of blood cholesterol level. Methodology This study has enlisted fifty-seven participants from previous researches advocated by the Heart Disease Prevention Clinic. While forty-six of these participants have joined the intervention phase, only forty-three persevere and endured until the end. The participants have ages in between twenty-seven and sixty-eight years with 50th to 90th percentile range of cholesterol level based on age and gender adjustments. In the recruitment of participants, individuals with higher than 3. 39 millimole per liter of triglycerides, a body weight thirty percent higher than ideal, has major surgery and myocardial infarction history, gastrointestinal illness, unstable angina or heart failure was excluded form the enlistment. Also, those who were presently in taking up drugs for medication such as lipid-lowering agents, thiazides, antibiotics, estrogens, corticosteriods, and progesterones were excluded. In line with this, those who were taking ?-adregenic blockers needed to maintain the dosage of such drug during the duration of the study for them to become eligible. Finally, twenty-one men and twenty-two women were successfully made into the phases of this study. The phases of the intervention plan were four-week washed out stage, two-week baseline, and four-week treatment part. Throughout the intervention phases, the participants were required to maintain weight while consuming about ready-to-eat cereals twice daily within four weeks. In connection to this, all participants were mandated to abide with the AHA step-one diet design during the duration of the study. Meanwhile, physiological data such as weight, nutrient data, and lipid profiles of the participants were determined from zero to four-week baseline. Moreover, the nutrient data based on four-day food records were evaluated by the National Coordinating Center. In the intervention plan, pairing of participants was done based on gender and entry cholesterol data, whereas in each pair one was assigned to â€Å"Country Cornflakes† while the other has undergone the â€Å"Cheerios† diet. The former was the control cereal while the latter was the source of whole grain oat. Both of these cereal types were produced through cereal processing equipment and each were pre-packed into 42. 5 grams upon distribution to the participant. This was done in order to hide the identity of the commercial cereals used in this study. In connection to this, the researchers also ensured which cereal type was assigned to whom and the participants’ adherence to the consumption design by personal interviews and visitation. Meanwhile, the participants’ clinical assessment, as approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was done after twelve-hour and twenty-four fasts from food and alcoholic drinks respectively. In every visit, blood pressure, lipid profile, pulse, and body weight were accurately measured. In relation to this, participants have undergone clinical screening such as urinalysis, blood count, electrocardiogram, and physical examination. The lipid content of the blood collected through sodium-potassium ethylenediamine tetraacetic was analyzed in the University of Minnesota’s laboratory for Lipid Research Core. The high-density lipoprotein or HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined. Also, very-low density lipoprotein or VLDL and LDL were precipitated; Friedewald formula was utilized for LDL calculation. Lastly, the cholesterol data of the participants before undergoing the treatment was statistically compared with their respective cholesterol data analyzed after the intervention phases by means of t-tests and analyses of covariance. Results and Discussion The participants in this study were equally divided into two groups; the control group received cornflakes food supply while the treatment group was fed on whole grain oat. Both groups have 51. 6 years as average age of the participants. Although the baseline body weight of the treatment group was five kilogram lower as compared with that of the control group, the difference did not make statistics significance. As such, there was no significant difference on the body mass index or BMI, and the baseline and post-intervention phase blood pressure among the two groups. Further, personal interviews on the participants revealed that their smoking and alcohol drinking habits as well as regular exercise in either group was maintained throughout the study. Luckily, complete blood count and blood chemistry of the participants did not change significantly during the study period. In terms of fat consumption, the total intake of the treatment group was decreased non-significantly from 56. 7 grams to 51. 8 grams. Moreover, the average diet changes were 11. 2 milligrams per deciliter and +4. milligrams per deciliter for the treatment group and the control group respectively. Similarly, among the two groups, there was no significant difference on the key nutrients before and after the duration of intervention phases. Except for soluble fiber, there were no other significant changes with respect to diet composition among the two groups. Meanwhile, whole-grain oat group incurred 3. 8% and 5. 4% changes on total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol respectively. As compare with the control group, the treatment group had a decreased of 4. % in total cholesterol and 4. 9% LDL cholesterol. Although, there was no significant difference in HDL cholesterol between the two groups, they had a 0. 20 millimole per liter LDL cholesterol difference. The exact mechanism of the cholesterol reduction was still unclear. It was theorized that the viscosity of soluble fibers lessen the rate of chime transfer in the upper gastrointestinal tract that causes low absorption rates, less blood nutrients, and changes in hormonal responses to delimited nutrients. In their hamsters study, Gallaher, Hassel, and Lee associated the reduction of plasma and liver cholesterol to the increase in the viscosity of the intestinal contents. However, viscosity was deemed only as a crucial requirement for the reduction of serum cholesterol. In this connection, it was proposed that soluble fibers hinder bile activity lessening the absorption rate. This process obstructs enterohepatic circulation leading to fast conversion rate of cholesterol to bile acids. In addition, other compound constituent of the fibers may also promote this process. For instance, tocotrienol in rice bran, oats, and barley inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, the soluble fiber fermentation produces chain fatty acids which in turn hinder cholesterol biosynthesis. Changes in Serum Cholesterol and Sterol Metabolites after Intake of Products Enriched with an Oat Bran Concentrate within a Controlled Diet Introduction The United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA, in 1997, approved the notion concerning soluble fiber consumption and coronary heart disease or CHD risk reduction. The serum cholesterol or S-cholesterol reduction was ascribed to the soluble fiber, (1-3),(1-4) ?-D-glucan or simply ?-glucan present in oats and whole oat flour. Based on clinical claims, the consumption of three grams of ?-glucan per day results to S-cholesterol lowering and CHD risk reduction. Meanwhile, the S-cholesterol lowering mechanism was theorized to depend largely on increased bile acid activity due to viscous ?-glucan which in turn induces cholesterol and bile acid biosyntheses. The rate of cholesterol and bile acid biosyntheses can be traced on through the ratio of lathosterol to cholesterol and the presence of 7-?-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, respectively. Thus, this study aimed to assess the S-lowering of oat bran concentrate or OBC food products incorporated in the low-saturated fat and low-cholesterol diet of hypercholesterolaemic patients. Also, the OBC effect on bile acid and cholesterol biosyntheses were examined. Methodology The recruitment of the respondents for this study was done through newspaper advertisement. Twenty-seven individuals were examined but only sixteen has passed the screening and participated in the study. The participants should have ages of 35-70 years and 50-70 years for men and women respectively. In addition, all participants should have less than six millimoles per liter S-cholesterol level. On the other hand, individuals with less than four millimoles per liter S-triacylglycerol or TG, hyperlipedaemia, less than 30 kilogram per meter square body mass index or BMI, and with cases diabetes mellitus, liver disease, thyroid problems or kidney trouble and those under hormonal therapy or cholesterol medication were excluded. Hence, the final participants were composed of seven women and nine men with average age of 57 years, 25. 4 kilogram per meter square BMI, and 7. 47 millimoles per liter S-cholesterol level. This study was a single-blind and randomized cross-over that lasted for two by three weeks with 2. 5 weeks washout period. As such, the experimental group was supplemented with OBC of about 2. 7 grams per day ?-glucan in their diet while the control group was told to maintain their typical diet. In relation to this, laboratory test such as fasting blood sampling and body weight recording were performed. The results of every clinical test were only revealed to the participants after the completion of the study. The American Heart Association recommended diet was utilized as computations of every participant’s daily food requirements and menu planning were facilitated by MATS computer program. Strict compliance with the diet was imposed through regular checking as amounts of sweet foods and drinks were regulated. For instance, maximum of 375 grams of wine or 660 milliliter of beer were only allowed per week. Additionally, participants were given copies of the foods they ate for the first week and told to stick to such as much as possible. Fasting blood sampling was done every morning as the blood samples were analyzed in terms of low density lipoprotein or LDL cholesterol, TG, and high density lipoprotein of HDL cholesterol, and S-cholesterol. Further, serum lathosterol and 7-?-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one levels were determined through gas chromatography. Meanwhile, statistical treatments were done by means of MS Excel and SYSTAT package. Pearson’s correlation and t-test were employed for correlational analysis and paired comparison respectively. Results and Discussion As compared with the control group, the experimental group has incurred six percent S-cholesterol reduction based on five-gram ?-glucan daily diet. In fact, a significant correlation S-cholesterol baseline level and total S-cholesterol changes during diet period were observed. In addition, changes on the serum metabolites which reflected bile acid secretion and cholesterol biosynthesis were noted. Moreover, the solubility of ?-glucan in OBC was calculated and found only as 50%. Weight losses which denoted S-cholesterol reduction also were observed. Meanwhile, due to the delimited fat intake, HDL-cholesterol reduction was noted as TG level was decreases in some participants only. Correlational changes on lathosterol and S-cholesterol implied cholesterol biosynthesis after oat diet. This observation was attributed to increase in bile acid production that was mediated by ?-glucan which in turn caused reduction in bile acid reabsorption. This process triggered bile acid synthesis through cholesterol from plasma pool by means of LDL-receptor. Yet, no significant change on serum lathosterol and 7-?-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one levels observed on participants. High-Fiber Oat Cereal Compared with Wheat Cereal Consumption Favorably Alters LDL-Cholesterol Subclass and Particle Numbers in Middle-Aged and Older Men Introduction High in fiber diet, in parallel with low-fat intake and other dietary factors, has been associated with the reduction of cardiovascular disease or CVD risk. Based on the meta-analyses of a number of studies, ?-glucan soluble fibers in oat products lessened serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein or LDL-cholesterol. It was inferred then that the capability of soluble fibers for CVD risk reduction is in concurrence with its capacity in modifying lipoproteins and serum lipids. In a number of cases, individuals with normal profile of serum lipids developed CVD. Thus, a closer examination on blood lipids attributes may provide insights on the possible CVD risk development and modify the efficacy of intervention for the prevention of such risk. However, no research has been conducted with respect to the effects of cereal and soluble fibers on lipoprotein subclasses, and particle size and number. Also, none has reported on lipoprotein and lipid changes brought either by carbohydrate, and cereal or oat diet. Hence, this study aimed to determine cereal or oat diet on plasma lipid indexes such as LDL particle number, and lipoprotein subclasses and particle diameter. Methodology Men selected for this study were in between 25-35 years of age and have 50-75 kilogram per meter square body mass index. Individuals with CVD, diabetes, abnormal blood pressure, smoking habits, thyroid gland or eating disorders, and those who currently in any medication and with high amount consumption of fibers were excluded. At last, 36 men were successfully passed then clinical requirements that were divided into two groups. Then, weight and bodily measurements were gauged initially and periodically during the study. Nonetheless, the participants, under the instruction of dietitian, recorded their food preparations and sizes in four-day food intake. In connection to this, records of food intake were analyzed through Food Intake Analysis System or FIAS. Meanwhile, participants’ blood samples were taken before and after the twelve-week intervention. By means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or NMR, the concentrations and particle size of blood lipids and lipoproteins were assessed. Further, the insulin-augmented frequently sampled intravenous-glucose-tolerance test or IVGTT was applied to participants. For statistical treatments, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests were employed prior to analysis of variance done through SPSS package. Also, analysis of covariance was performed for body weight changes and macronutrient intake. Nonetheless, t-tests were utilized to examine lipoprotein and lipid response differences. Results and Discussion Based on the results of this study, two large oat servings added to the regular diet of the participants, lowered small, dense LDL and LDL particle concentrations. In addition, in spite of the carbohydrate intake elevation and saturated-fat intake lowering, the concentration of triacylglycerol did not significantly increase for high-fiber oat group. In contrast, it was reported that triacylglcerol in blood increases along with the changes in lipoprotein and lipids in individuals who fed on wheat cereal with high carbohydrate intake and low-fat diet. Meanwhile, the association between triacylglycerol elevation and CVD risk development was linked on the changes in the composition of LDL and high-density lipoprotein or HDL cholesterol. In relation to this, the substitution of triacylglycerol by cholesterol esters in lipoproteins results to accumulation of triacylglycerols in HDL and LDL which in turn serve as reactant in hepatic triacylglycerol lipase. Then, the removal of triacylglycerol leads to particle size decreased and density increased. Hence, in this study, the decrease in plasma tiaclyglycerol resulted to increase in LDL particle size for oat group but not with wheat cereal group. Analysis and Conclusion From the abovementioned studies, it was statistically proven that supplementation of oat cereals to the controlled diet of hypercholesterolemia patients caused blood lipids and HDL reductions. Further, oat meal diet results to LDL-particle size decreased and particle number increased which is beneficial in the part of hypercholesterolemia patients. On the other hand, it was theorized that the viscosity of soluble fibers lessen the rate of chime transfer in the upper gastrointestinal tract that causes low absorption rates, less blood nutrients, and changes in hormonal responses to delimited nutrients (Reynolds, Quiter, and Hunninghake, 2000). This process obstructs enterohepatic circulation leading to fast conversion rate of cholesterol to bile acids (Reynolds, Quiter, and Hunninghake, 2000). Thus, the increase in bile acid production as mediated by ?-glucan caused reduction in bile acid reabsorption (Davy, Davy, Ho, Beske, Davrath, and Melby, 2002). This process triggered bile acid synthesis through cholesterol from plasma pool by means of LDL-receptor (Davy, Davy, Ho, Beske, Davrath, and Melby, 2002). As a consequence, the substitution of triacylglycerol by cholesterol esters in lipoproteins results to accumulation of triacylglycerols in HDL and LDL which in turn serve as reactant in hepatic triacylglycerol lipase. Then, the removal of triacylglycerol leads to particle size decreased and density increased (Davy, Davy, Ho, Beske, Davrath, and Melby, 2002). Nonetheless, other compound constituent of the fibers may also promote this process. For instance, tocotrienol in rice bran, oats, and barley inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, the soluble fiber fermentation produces chain fatty acids which in turn hinder cholesterol biosynthesis (Reynolds, Quiter, and Hunninghake, 2000). With these reasons, the research question â€Å"What is the effect of a diet high in dietary fiber and how does it decrease LDL – cholesterol and serum lipids? † was plausibly answered.

The United States History of Building Construction and Fire Safety Research Paper

The construction industry in the United States has undergone major changes in the recent past. There have been major improvements in the construction of modern buildings which has provided international architectural designs   and strong construction materials that could assist buildings withstand fire hazards. The responsibility of ensuring safety in buildings and especially sky scrappers that have become the symbols of modern urban landscape lies squarely on engineers and architects. In drawing the architectural designs, the safety of the building and its occupants must always be borne in mind. This results from the fact that we have construction codes and other safety measures and equipment to ensure that these buildings are free from dangers of either fire or earthquakes. That is why there are building codes and specific safety measures and devices to make the buildings safe from danger disasters in many parts of the world and especially china and the US result from either fire or earthquakes although other causes may be due to human factors like carelessness and terrorist attacks like the one witnessed in the US in September 11th 2001 in which two major building were brought down by terrorists. Building and construction planning in the United States has undergone tremendous improvements and adjustments to meet the internationally accepted safety standards in a bid to reduce loss of life and property in case of either a natural calamity or terrorist attacks. Safety of people from fire disasters is of prime importance and has in fact been the most important challenge to the building and construction firms. The major objective of all stake holders in the construction industry is to ensure conformity with the generally accepted codes of safety to avoid losses of lives and property incase of unforeseen disasters such as fire and the common earthquakes experienced in most parts of the world and especially the Middle East. These fires are investigated and an analysis carried out on the factors that are responsible for such disasters. These investigations are instituted to establish the likely technical, operational or other probable causes of such failures. The objectives of such investigations are usually to ensure that improvements are made to these buildings either through their architectural designs or construction materials. Historical changes in the building and construction in the context of fire safety and Prevention Experts in fire protection have embraced technological developments in the designing of means to secure people and property from loss in the event of a fire .Architectural designs of new buildings or simply renovations of older existing buildings have laid more emphasis on fire protection as a result of the many incidents of fire damages that have occurred in the past in the US. In fact, fire protection engineering is one of the fastest growing disciplines in the 21st century. Fire protection engineering has developed tremendously over the last couple of years. Early application of this discipline was centered on preventing conflagrations that had the potential of destroying a whole city. In the early 20th century, the major focus of fire protection engineering shifted to limiting fire to the original building. Recent changes in this field have placed sprinkler systems in residential homes and the future could bring regulations to include sprinkler systems in all newly built houses and in houses that are to be renovated. All of these changes are due to past fire incidents that have destroyed property or even worse taken lives.   . Today, fire protection engineering deals not only with the prevention of fires but also carries out intensive campaigns on educating people on the measures that they could take at individual level to reduce chances of fire incidents. The events of September 11th 2001 On September 11th 2001, the United States woke up to the most shaking news in the history of the US. Terrorists had attacked and destroyed the twin towers in pentagon and the world trade centre. The attacks were executed after the hijacking of four commercial airlines. With thousands of gallons of jet fuel aboard, these planes were turned into flying bombs. The destruction the impact caused alone to the structural integrity of the buildings was astronomical. However the major hot fire that burned for 2 hours and eventually helped to bring the buildings down caused the deaths of 343 of New York’s bravest and subsequently killed a total of 2595 innocent victims.. This unfortunate event led to a revision of the fire protection rules, codes and practices. After the September 11th incident, A virtual High rise task force was created which included engineers, architects and for the first time fire personnel to discuss and create new regulations for high rise buildings and to come up with a solution to conform   the over 900 existing high rise structures in NYC. The task force agreed that widespread but less costly changes would be required in virtually every city high-rise. All buildings would have to meet a new and higher standard for things like the visibility of exit signs, emergency lighting and fluorescent markings in escape stairwells. The reliability of emergency radio communications within high-rise buildings would have to be improved, perhaps by allowing firefighters to tap into internal building radio systems.   All buildings are also required to have pre installed fire alarm systems. These alarm systems should be installed above minimum requirements. Such systems will ensure that the slightest incidents of fire are detected. Smoke detectors are also required to be installed in every building under construction in the United States. There should be at least four smoke detectors per floor but there should never be any manual initiation devices. To avoid smoke recirculation, return grilles should be installed in all the buildings. One novel measure would force all high-rise developers to create refuges in elevator vestibules where people trapped in a fire could safely congregate and await rescue. The measure would rely on fireproof walls and doors and a significant emphasis was placed on smoke control and removal using HVAC systems to control the movement of air. Emergency power should also be available for exit from the buildings and egress light must be present for fire fighting. These new codes also require the installation of class E alarms and also the presence of voice communication systems in all the buildings. All the above measures have either been discussed or put in place as a result of the terrorist attack on the world trade Centre on September 11th 2001. . Laws have also been put in place to ensure that all the above codes are adhered to. The events of September 11th opened a lot of eyes in the field of building construction and fire prevention. On the other hand, the federal government and local jurisdictions have invested a lot into their fire fighting equipment to ensure that the impact of any fires is reduced to the minimum levels possible. Fire departments across the nation have focused a lot of their training on dealing with high rise fires due to the events of Sept 11th Besides the above issues, the constriction rules have been amended to ensure quality of the construction materials established before construction begins. The architectural designs must also be approved before construction begins to ensure that all the buildings constructed meet the fire and safety requirements as required by legislation. Conclusion The United States has made numerous amendments to the codes and practices relating to fire safety to ensure that everyone is safe from these hazards. Fire fighters with modern equipment are also available to contain any fires from which ever angle from the ground to the air, the have undergone vigorous training including administering first aid. With these measures in place, it’s the responsibility of the citizens of this nation to ensure that they abide by the rules and regulations stipulated in the act and to notify the federal fire fighting department as soon as fire occurs in their residences or places of work so that sufficient action is taken to reduce loses of life and property and make America a safe place to live.

Personal Statement Leadership Styles Essay - 1996 Words

My current mentor and I differ in many ways concerning leadership styles. Based on the FRL material and assessment, my strengths rest in the Transformational Leadership style, especially Inspirational Motivation and Idealized Influence. Although I score relatively high in Individual Consideration and Intellectual Stimulation, these and the management concepts (MBE-P, MBE-A, and Contingent Rewards) are distinct areas of improvement. Conversely, my mentor is an exceptional manger, excelling in MBE-A and Contingent Rewards. Additionally, he is uniquely gifted in Individual Consideration and Intellectual Stimulation. He quickly understands processes and is quick to recognize inefficiencies. Furthermore, he is skilled at intellectually stimulating others to recognize alternatives and develop stronger skills while truly valuing his Airmen. Undoubtedly, his skill in my areas for improvement is what drove me to seek a mentoring relationship with him. I aspire to be a well-rounded leader capable of fluidly adapting to situations and effectively using the appropriate leadership tool. To accomplish this goal, I understand that I need to further develop certain aspects of my leadership and learn strategies and skills from leaders with diverse strengths. In actuality, these differences represent the gap between where I am and where I desire to be. Although working outside your natural tendencies is challenging, the reward for gaining these skills is immeasurable when leadingShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style: Personal Statement392 Words   |  2 PagesMy Leadership Style According to Schwartz (1997), Goizueta joined Coca-Cola at a time when the company was in trouble. Slowed by bureaucracy and with an eroding stock price, the beverage maker was slowly loosing its market share to rivals like Pepsi. An inspirational leader, Goizueta was able to turnaround the beverage maker and before his exit, the company had become one of the most recognizable brands in the world. His managerial style as Rowe and Guerrero (2010) point out was more intellectualRead MoreLeadership Style And Personal Strengths Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesUsing Leadership Style and Personal Strengths to Succeed in a Doctoral Program Leadership is an important outcome of the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) program (Zaccagnini White, 2014). Measurement tools are available that identify leadership style (Clark, 2010) and personal talents, called Signature Themes (Gallup, Inc., 2010). When leadership style and personal strengths are identified, they can be maximized to achieve success (Clark, 2010; Gallup, Inc., 2010). This paper provides both aRead MoreLeadership Styles : Situational Leadership Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1 Situational Leadership Kristen Baldwin Kentucky Christian University Introduction After researching several other leadership styles, I found that situational leadership is the leadership style most effective for myself. Situational leadership is different from most leadership styles because it is adaptable to every circumstance. While other leadership styles are very specific, situational leadership can be used to lead people that areRead MoreMy Personal Statement : My Goals1488 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal mission is to constantly strive to be the best overall person that I can be within my personal and professional life. My goals are to inspire and help others and myself around me to achieve greatness and balance that will to maximize our potential that will transcend the boundaries of our dreams. In addition to my mission statement, my core life values are the foundation of my mission statement, which allows me to uphold my promises and standards. These promises and standards will affordRead MoreThe Leadership : Theory And Practice772 Words   |  4 Pages Wk8AssgnJLayman: The Leadership Archetype Approach Questionnaire Walden University Ph.D. Public Policy and Administration â€Æ' Introduction This is an introduction to the Leadership Archetype Questionnaire (Kets de Vries, 2006b), introduced in Chapter 12 of the textbook â€Å"Leadership: Theory and Practice† by Peter Northouse (Northouse, 2016). The Leadership Archetype Questionnaire gauges a leader’s perception of his/her style of leadership by identifying the key leadership behaviors they displayRead MoreEssay On Health Care Development1509 Words   |  7 Pagesunit. The first section of this paper discusses the description of the proposed unit including a mission statement, prioritized values, and an organizational chart depicting how all employees from the unit are connected. This is followed by a description of my preferred leadership style and managerial role, empowerment strategies, conflict resolution, and important interventions. Strong leadership, effective management, clear goals, and objectives are key elements for creating a successful new healthcareRead MoreThe Statement Of Administrative Phi losophy1227 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Administrative Philosophy It is in looking back that we can see the future; SANKOFA. This African symbol derived from the Akan Tribe in Ghana best describes my Administrative Philosophy. Translated, the word and the symbol mean, â€Å"it is not taboo to fetch what is at risk of being left behind.† (Carter G. Center for Education). Therefore, It is upon this strong belief that I stand unwavering in experiences, leadership, management style and values. Specifically, the genesis of my statementRead MoreGB580 Unit 6 Assignment Essay769 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Leadership/Ethics Statement Strategic Management GB580: Unit 6 Professor Stephen Griffith Kaplan University 07/29/2014 Personal Leadership/Ethics Statement Leadership is a gift that not everyone has or desires to obtain. It is often times an instinctive quality that relies on ones ethics and morals. Leadership is a quality that many aspire to have, but few really grasp its true principles. It isRead MoreGraduation Speech : Students, Faculties, Families And Friends961 Words   |  4 PagesDear students, faculties, families and friends, on behalf of the 2016 Leadership Launch graduates, welcome! We stand here today in celebration of new leaders in the CSM community ready to embark a lifelong journey of leadership. We began this program eight weeks ago curious and with a willingness to improve in our leadership skills. During the first week, we learned our top five leadership strengths, self awareness and self confidence as leaders. Through these, we learned how to use our strengthsRead MoreKurt Lewin s Leadership Styles1526 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Styles There are three classic leadership styles. Kurt Lewin’s leadership styles vary in the degree of control that they give their followers. Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) was a social psychologist whose extensive work covered studies of leadership styles and their effects, along with many other theories (Kurt Lewin). Along with two other colleagues, Lewin performed research on the effects of three different leadership styles and the outcome on groups of boys. The three leadership styles that

Failure of Environmental Conferences in Addressing the...

Living in a world where there is no guarantee of a safe tomorrow, where every breath we take is toxic and every morsel of food we eat is filled with pesticide, protecting and saving mother earth should top our to-do list. But sadly, this is the least of our concerns. We are at the tipping point, on the verge when we cannot go back and rectify our mistakes and if we delay any further, it’s going to be too late. There are questions we need to ask ourselves and the governments from time to time: Are our governments doing enough to protect our green? Are they pitching in enough money to save our environment? And if they are, is all the money put to its rightful use? Better coordination between governments and proper funding is required to†¦show more content†¦Who knows if we are next in line? The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference (2009) is yet another example that adds to the legacy of unsuccessful environmental conferences. This conference ended in failure and recrimination. Its purpose was to discuss and effectively combat the issue of ‘rising temperatures’. 45,000 travelled, in the hope of being a part of a deal that would save the world, but the conference failed miserably to reach a conclusion on any legal agreement to stop rising temperatures. In the Copenhagen summit, everyone talked but no one listened. Everyone was concerned about presenting clauses and resolution pertaining to their specific country and did not come up to a conclusion, which addressed the issue of combating rising temperatures in a general context. Several countries like China sought to be independent and wanted a unilateral approach to this issue. Bearing in mind that China is the largest manufacturing station and the fact that they host a large population, it becomes more impor tant that China accedes to sign a resolution so that the UN can keep a check on its environmental standards. The climate change has apparent effects on the environment. Extreme weather changes, like rainfall, droughts, floods are becoming more intense and frequent. The concentration of harmful ozone, which is an air pollutant in the atmosphere, is on the rise. This aggravates asthmaShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Is An Environmental And Business Issue2180 Words   |  9 PagesClimate change is an environmental and business issue that has gained more and more attention from society nowadays. The meaning of it seems to be not as easy as its name indicates which is merely a difference in climate. NASA (2011) reports, â€Å"Climate change, therefore, is a change in the typical or average weather of a region or city†¦ Climate change is also a change in Earth s overall climate. This could be a change in Earth s average temperature, for example.† Therefore, climate change in ourRead MoreClimate And The Global Climate Justice Movement3592 Words   |  15 PagesMolly Culton Dara O’Rourke/Laney Siegner 103 Environmental Justice 16 April 2015 Climate Justice in the United States Climate change has been called â€Å"the biggest problem of the 21st century† by many scientists and government officials alike. Many classes at the university level cover some aspect of this complex and multifaceted problem. From the human rights that are at risk due to rising sea levels and food shortages to the environmental, geographical, and intergenerational inequities resultingRead MoreWater Crisis2909 Words   |  12 Pageshumidity, contributes to the water crisis. The temperatures, which fluctuate between 400C and 200C during the year, significantly influence the long run average precipitation. The country’s precipitation levels are an estimated 80 mm per year (Environmental Agency, 2010). This situation is alarming especially in consideration to the growing population. The country has resorted to other forms of water generation such as desalinization and underground water mining to meet partially its water needs.Read MoreAN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTA L IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE MINING SECTOR IN NIGERIA15805 Words   |  64 Pagesï » ¿ABSTRACT This study attempted to estimate the environmental impact of Foreign Direct Investment in the mining sector in Nigeria. It is argued that only those countries that have reached a certain income level can absorb new technologies and benefit from technology diffusion, and thus reap the extra advantages that FDI can offer. The mining industry in Nigeria is dominated by oil. Indeed, Nigeria is the largest producer of this commodity in Africa and sixth largest producers in the world. This researchRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior6990 Words   |  28 Pagesworking together, which can cause conflict in the team setting. Confusion can hinder the progression of the teamwork. Diverse demographic can sometimes hinder a team from coming together but there are other ways such as communicating by telephone conference, Internet chat, and email. The lack of communication can cause interaction and conflict between team members, which can slow down the productivity of the assignments. Team building can help to improve group performance by evaluating the group performanceRead MoreHousing Issues South Africa7704 Words   |  31 Pagescom/locate/habitatint Sustainable urban development? Low-cost housing challenges in South Africa Allison GoebelÃÆ' Environmental Studies and Women’s Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6 Abstract Low-cost housing provision has been a major focus of government in post-apartheid urban South Africa. While successes can be noted, there is growing concern regarding the social and environmental sustainability of housing programs and the impacts upon both the surrounding environment and human healthRead MoreEssay on Biodiversity7414 Words   |  30 Pagesand political arenas have advanced environmental legislation to protect biodiversity at not only the ecosystem level, but for specific species and genetic material as well. Research has shown the importance of every organism and their role in the global ecosystem, and legislation has gradually matured to protect not only species which may become endangered, but the habitats they need to survive as well. Growing consciousness surrounding environmental issues has enabled these protections to beRead MoreThe Organizational Study of Levi Strauss3980 Words   |  16 Pagesstill upholds the commitment to offering products th at are right for every generation. Levi Strauss mission statement is to seek to reflect the voices of the communities where they have a business presence and make a difference by addressing tough social issues and empowering people to solve their own problems and those of their communities The values of Levi Strauss and Company are the foundation of the company. It is what defines them and sets them apart from the competition, sets the visionRead MoreCoffee and Crisis Management Team21317 Words   |  86 Pagesculture, to help produce social, environmental, and economic benefits for communities. Local communities benefit from literacy and volunteer programs that encourage the physical and social well-being of at-risk youths in suburban programs, efforts to sustain and maintain economic livelihood for farmers, and contributing to disaster relief programs. Starbucks is also committed to the global environment, understanding and recognizing the necessity of environmental responsibility if we hope to preserveRead MoreAudit Disaster Futures: Antidotes for the Expectation Gap8505 Words   |  35 Pages Expectation gap, Audit failure, Audit futures, Market-based measures Introduction The ``expectation gap is an apt description of the diverse perceptions and expectations held by various corporate stakeholders regarding the external audit. In general, the expression denotes differing expectations of what ``the public desires from the audit and what the auditor understands his or her role to encompass. As the savings and loan debacle unfolded and audit failures of other  ÃÆ' institutions

Fire Incident Happen In World Trade Center Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(103) " a refuge floor and make up one’s mind to wait at that place instead than go oning the emptying\." 1.0 Introduction High-rise edifice has become big portion of people and assets exposed, particularly for the big figure of high-rise edifices presently building in Asia and Middle East. Harmonizing to Hall. We will write a custom essay sample on Fire Incident Happen In World Trade Center Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now J.R. , ( 2005 ) reference about tower block edifice has lower hazard of fire per unit floor country. So this thought has brought and changed human perceptual experience advanced about building engineering. Mention to US NFPA 101 Life Safety Code, the edifices which have height more than 23m defined as tower block edifice. When constructing construct higher and higher, fire safety demand to be concern because it will impact the deliverance mission and fire combat operation. Evacuation procedure is of import assist people escape from edifice. 2.0 Issue Statement In recent old ages, fire onslaught in high rise edifice has become the common issue which cause many civilian deceases and injured. Civilians who stayed in high rise edifice were unable to get away because they located at high degree from the land. On behalf the fire incident happen, fright besides has caused the job which makes them unable to get away. Although fire exigency issue are provided, it is excessively slow for civilian staying in the top floors of the edifice to get away. The opportunity of them to get away is low. Another job is trouble for fire combatants to make the upper floors. For illustration, the highest fire truck ladder can merely extends to the eight floors. In order to snuff out fire above that point, fire combatants must mount up many of stepss along with fire hosieries and other heavy equipment. High-rise edifices are designed to be safe. When come to many civilian stay at tall edifice, exigency response is become more hard to evacuate civilians out of the edifice. What tallness is considered tower block? Refer to paragraph 3.3.28.7 of the Life Safety CodeA ® , 2006 edition, defines a high-rise edifice as a edifice more than 75 pess ( 23 metres ) in tallness which measured from the lowest degree land floor entree to the floor of the highest of the edifice. Earlier to 1999, the National Fire Incident Reporting System ( NFIRS ) coded edifice tallness in scopes which considered as tower block such as 7-12 narratives, 13-24 narratives, 25-49 narratives, and 50 narratives or more. Get downing in 1999, NFIRS Version 5.0 permits the exact tallness to be recorded. It is besides possible to separate between height above land and entire tallness. In maintaining with the Life Safety Code definition, a tallness above land of seven or more narratives is used to specify tower block from 1999 on. There are many instances related to fire incident. For illustration, the incident go on on Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City wholly collapsed merely over one hr after fires raged in them upon the clang of two aeroplanes into them on 11 September 2001. This entire incident caused 2795 dead. Harmonizing to Craven.J. , ( 2001 ) The causes of edifices prostration was due to terrible weakening of the supporting strength of the towers ‘ steel-based supporting construction under impact from terrorist planes and utmost heat. Besides, the high-rise flat fire in Shanghai on15 November 2010 has become attending for people around the universe. This incident has taken 53 people life and injured 70 casualties. This incident was caused by the flicker during welding work. ( YeinJee ‘s Asiatic Journal, 2010 ) Furthermore, there is another fire incident happen in Busan on October 2010. Based on the study, there are no casualties were reported as most occupants were dis persed after the fire broke out. Fire combatants rescued 31 occupants, four of casualties were sent to the infirmary for intervention. Based on the probe, people suspect the cause happen from the fire started at the refuse room on the 4th floor which is extremely flammable wall stuff and strong air currents seemingly fuelled the fire. Based on incidents highlighted, the fire safety design needs to be considered more critically for all the high rise edifice. ( Koreabridge, 2010 ) 3.0 Research Hypothesis This research survey focused on two key countries which are the demand of fire safety shelter design needed in high rise edifice and to measure the consciousness of residents about fire safe shelter. Fire safe shelter is designed as safety floor which can let residents to remain for emptying. Harmonizing to Snyder.L. , ( 2009 ) mentioned about the shelter in topographic point is designed to let residents to withdraw to a safe country which can protect against heat and fume. That country can be used to help the orderly mercantile establishment of residents, hold residents until first respondents can deliver them, or keep residents until the menace is eliminated. Ever more, refuge countries provided bipartisan communicating systems to reach with first respondents. Recently, there are several Asiatic states such as China and Singapore has developed as many sky scrapers. During the designing procedure, tall edifices must be provided with refuge floors every 20 to 25 floors. These are normally mechanical floors ( no usually occupied infinite ) with at least 50 % of the floor country configured as an country of safety ( 2-hr separations to equipment infinites, no fuel burden, infinite to keep all residents of the floors between refuge floors at 0.3 M2 or 3 ft2per individual ) . They are required to be unfastened on two opposite sides so that fume will non roll up. Refuge floors provide a protected infinite for residents to rest or to expect aid, or to traverse between staircases. ( Code of Practice for the Provision of Means of Escape in Case of Fire, Part II, Section 21 Refuge Floors, Hong Kong Building Authority, 1996 ) Refer to Meacham.B. , ( 2006 ) mentioned about demands for refuge floors are comparatively new and are presently found in merely a few edifices. No existent emptyings have occurred but there is some experience from drills that indicates there may be a job when people reach a refuge floor and make up one’s mind to wait at that place instead than go oning the emptying. You read "Fire Incident Happen In World Trade Center Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Indeed, the consciousness of residents who stayed at high rise edifice should be considered. Each resident who stays in tower block should responsible to cognize where the safety topographic point is. Owner of the edifice should supply fire safety program and information which can steer residents to get away during fire incident. Fires Safety Drill should be organize by the fire section which can assist people more understand on what state of affairs and to protect themselves. During the drill procedure, occupants gather on the refuge floor such that extra geting residents can non come in. This is a drill procedure where the residents know they are non in danger and that they will be returning to their floor after the drill. Presently, the World Financial Center building in Shanghai incorporates refuge floors and besides uses two observation lifts running on the exterior of the ace columns on diagonal corners of the edifice. These lifts were originally designed to supply express serv ice merely to the observation deck on the top floor. These observation lifts were modified to halt at each of the safety floors to be used for occupant emersion in fires. Alternatively of people need to go from 25 floors to land floor, the better manner is utilizing the closest safety floor even if it was above your place. 4.0 Aim The purpose of this research is to entree the demand for fire safety means in high rise edifices. 5.0 Aims 1 ) To detect how best to better fire safety by utilizing fire safe shelter. 2 ) To suggest solution on how to incorporate the fire safety design in high rise edifice. 6.0 Scope This research discussed the design of shelters to protect against fire onslaught. The design of such shelters requires attending to jobs such as the figure of residents remaining or working in such edifice and besides the weight of the edifice which affected the design of shelter. The used of this fire safety system can take to better protection in order to cut down hazard of danger from residents. Besides, the counter measured for high rise edifice fire besides needs to be considered to cover with big hazard as follows, 1. Fire safe shelter design in tower block edifice 2. Emptying 7.0 Methodology In order to accomplish the aims that have been stated, the research was carried out in measure by stairss. First of all, place the aims and range needed for this research. Secondly is followed by carry oning literature reappraisal about issue on fire incident happen in high rise edifice and the map of fire safety shelter presently use in the tower block edifice. This procedure helped in better apprehension on the research subject and integrated the cognition to the proposed topic. Besides, professional interviews with the designer and applied scientist besides conducted related to the fire safety shelter in safety design. 8.0 Literature Review 8.1 Issues ( Case Study ) Fire incident happen in World Trade Center in New York City Fire incident happen in high-rise flat in Shanghai Degree centigrades: UsersAcerDownloadsworld-trade-center-2nd-attack2-9-11-01.jpg Degree centigrades: UsersAcerDownloads11 ( 1 ) .jpg Beginning from Energy Matters ( 2012 ) Beginning from China stillness ( 2010 ) Figure 1 Figure 2 Harmonizing to figure 1, this fire incident was happened on 11 September 2001 in New York City. The United States has faced the cruelest terrorist onslaught in history. Thousands of citizens have been killed and many more injured. This incident has shocked and overwhelmed by the monolithic loss in lives and belongings. Everyone of the citizen in there feels driven to make something to react to the calamity happened. This twin tower of WTC has approximately 417 and 415 metres height. Along with the 110 floors Twin Towers were destroyed or severely damaged, including WTC edifices 3 through 7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. The North Tower, South Tower, the Marriott Hotel ( 3 WTC ) and 7 WTC were wholly destroyed. The U.S. Customs House ( 6 World Trade Center ) , 4 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, and both prosaic Bridgess linking edifices were badly damaged. The Deutsche Bank Building on 130 Liberty Street was partly damaged and demolished subsequently. The two edifices of the World Financial Center besides suffered harm. The incident happened due to the impact of plane clang. A high monolithic detonation created highly high temperature which has weakened the strength of steel beads and increased warp. Mention to Craven.J. , ( 2001 ) has mentioned about the twin towers had redundant design which means if one edifice fail, another edifice carries burden. This twin towers had entire 244 columns each around the cardinal nucleus. Although there are some column damaged, but others could stay support. Due to the go oning fire combustion, the fire spread from one portion to another portion which has weakened floors and began to fall in. The crashed floor increased the impulse which has caused the edifice could non prolong the weight and collapsed wholly. Although the deliverance mission was conducted, but the accomplishments and engineering during current twelvemonth was stilled non in advanced, so the emptying mission was failed and many citizens were killed due to enable to get away. Figure 2 has showed another fire incident happened in Shanghai. This incident happened on 15 November 2010 at Jing An territory under redevelopment. This calamity has taken 49 people life. Harmonizing to Shanghai News ( 2010 ) has discussed about the fire happened was caused by unaccredited welders improperly runing their equipment and enkindled fire to the staging and light plastic webs which is extremely flammable. The fire started firing at the roof and continued spread the fire to plastic webs around the edifice. Based on the issues have been discussed, fire safety is critical of import to guarantee residents who stayed in tower block edifice are protected. In order to minimise the hazard, fire safe shelter is strongly recommended to plan in tower block edifice. This design may alter to better state of affairs when fire happen. 8.2 Refuge floor ( Fire safe shelter ) Refuge floor is a particular design recommended to put in in tower block edifice to protect residents for temporarily gather and delay for evacuate in instance of fire. Based on research inquiry, refugee floor is explained in general. Refuge floors should be installed in all edifices which exceed 25 floors in tallness. Mention to Hong Kong fire section, all refuge floors should follow with the demands as specified in the â€Å" Provision of Means of Escape in Case of Fire 1996 † published by the Building Department. In order to put in refuge floor, demands should purely follow. First is no occupied adjustment or nearby mechanical works room, except fire service H2O armored combat vehicles and affiliated fire service installing works room, at the same degree as the safety floor. Second, the country for safety should non be less than 50 % of the entire gross floor country of the safety floor and height non less than 2300mm. Third, the minimal dimension of the country for safety should be at least 50 % greater than the breadth of the widest stairway go throughing through the refuge floor. Fourth, the country for safety should be separated from the balance of the edifice in conformity with the demands in the Code of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction published by the Buildings Department. Continue by, the country for safety should be open-sided above safe parapet tallness on at least two opposite sides to supply equal cross airing: the unfastened sides should follow with the demands in the Cod e of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction. Next, any stairway passing through a refuge floor should be discontinued at such degree so that the issue path is diverted to go through over portion of the refuge country before it is continued to go out downwards. Furthermore, every portion of the country for safety should be provided with unreal illuming supplying a horizontal luminosity at floor degree of non less than 30 lx and backed up by an exigency illuming system supplying a horizontal luminosity at floor degree of non less than 2 lx. The design of the exigency illuming system should follow with the Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment. Furthermore, a refuge floor should be provided with such fire service installing and equipment as may be required by the Director of Fire Services. Other than that, a safety floor ( other than a roof ) should be served by a fireman ‘s lift. The lift doors should non open onto the refuge floor in normal ope ration and should be locked at all times until automatically released on propulsion of the fireman ‘s switch and eventually is the notices and directional marks should be provided at each floor. ( Fire Services Department, 2012 ) 8.3 Emptying Presently, the fire and life safety systems installed in high-rise edifices including automatic fire sprinkler protection, are designed to command a fire and hence lessen the demand to evacuate all residents. In a typical scenario, the residents of the fire floor and the floors instantly above and below it should instantly utilize the issue stairs to fall to a floor degree that is at least several floors below the fire floor, and await farther direction from safety functionaries. Harmonizing to National Safety Council reference about successful and efficient emptying depends on complete preplanning, organisation, and supervising. Planing should carry on based on basic rule. First is constructing emptying organisation. Second is emptying policy and programs. Third is sensing and coverage based on fire or jeopardy. Follow by emptying plan coordination is about motion and emptying. Next is communicate to direct motion and emptying and last is review and rating. 9.0 Discussion After the literature reappraisal has been conducted, fire safety is strongly recommended to better in order to cut down hazard of decease and hurt. Height has caused the job when the tower block edifice caught fire due to natural catastrophe or human carelessness. Fire safe shelter has been introduced to guarantee the residents can remain from fire onslaught and the possibility to get away from the incident in the shortest clip. Based on this circumstance, the developer should see on the fire safety system in a high rise edifice. Due to the tallness of a high rise edifice, it causes the residents unable to get away straight from the edifice which means they will necessitate the aid from the fire brigade for emptying. Before they can get away from the incident, the design of fire safety shelter known as refuge floor can supply a safe country to the residents. Emptying program should work with refuge floor in order to evacuate the residents out of edifice in a shortest clip. Beside, th e consciousness on the fire safety system should earnestly concentrate to all the residents of high rise edifice to guarantee they gain the cognition which can protect them in instance of fire. 10.0 Decision From this research, tallness is the issue which need to concentrate and see on the developing a tower block edifice. When fire incident happen, first thing the residents need to make is make n’t panic. They should follow direction move to the safety floor and delay for evacuate mission. Therefore, an effectual fire safety system is of import to do certain an equal and effectual communicate system to all the floors. Residents may hold better protection to cut down the hazard to zero. How to cite Fire Incident Happen In World Trade Center Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Internal Controls for Cannon Pty Ltd- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternal Controls for Cannon Pty Ltd. Answer: Strengths and weaknesses in the internal controls of Cannon Pty Ltd The internal controls of Cannon Pty Ltd does not have clear daily operating procedures that are meant for the cash receipts. This is one of the weaknesses in the internal controls of the cash receipts. The company relies heavily on people who are the sales representatives to get cheques from customers. The problem with this is that the cheques can be easily misplaced which is a big problem to the company (Graham, 2008). Another weakness is that a lot of roles have been delegated to the credit control clerk, that means that there is no proper separation of duties. For example, after receiving the checks, she is the one who is responsible for crossing them so that they can be banked, she the enters the cheque details into the system then she prints the daily report afterwards. This means that if she makes an error, no one will be able to know that an error has been made. She also handles the banking part of it as well as preparing the bank slips. The company should delegate some of these duties to another person in the finance department to ensure that there is accuracy in the process, someone to countercheck. Another weakness is that it clearly shows that the company has not put in place measures to ensure that there is timeliness of payment by the customers. Some of the strengths of the internal control system is that the company makes daily cash receipts reports this means that the reports are always up to date. Implications of the weaknesses segregation of duties: the various duties in cheque handling should be performed by different people. There should be no instance where one person in the company handles all those duties. The implication of this weakness is that the company will deal with so many errors and also there is the risk of many more errors occurring. There is also a risk of fraudulent activities in the cash receipt system when the company allows sales representatives to receive payments on the companys behalf. Payments in cash or cheques should be received by specific people which minimizes the risk of fraud in the company (Montgomery, 2013). The company relies on mostly manual accounting system instead of an computerized accounting system. The imp0lications of this weakness is that there are a lot of errors that are made by manual accounting system. Assessment of internal control for cash in Cannons cash receipt system The Internal Control of cash is aimed at reducing errors and losses within the Organization, comprises the following accounts. Here are some of the internal control measures you can take to reduce these errors:You must take a strict control over the collections made by the collectors, who at the end of the day they deliver the money received from the client along with uncollected bills. It comprises a whole series of administrative measures, so that certain operations are executed by two or more persons, with the deliberate purpose of avoiding errors, hinder eventual malicious handling and detect irregularities in time. In principle, it is relatively easy for a single person to commit fraud; but when it has to act in conjunction with another person, who controls it, it is more difficult; making the possibility more remote, the greater the number of people involved (Wong and Ho, 2006). There is a fundamental principle of "internal control of cash", which requires that the functions of management of the same are made by people other than those who are responsible for their registration. This principle must be completed with that of labor, which executes a person, be formally verified and controlled by another person. In short, the fundamentals of internal control of cash can be summarized in the following principles: a) That the person who handles the "Cash"; whether it covers, or pays, does not has access to the accounting records thereof. b) Conversely, whoever registers operations with the "Cash" does not have access to the money. c) Split the work between several people, so that any error, omission or fraud can be discovered in time; and that, in order to commit the latter, there must be collusion of several persons. d) Whoever covers, does not be the same one who pays. e) That all money, which enters the company, is in its entirety deposited in his account bank. f) All payments, absolutely all, are made by checks. Only the small payments are made in Cash; but through the g) Whoever collects, should not be the same person who issues corresponding receipt, and must be another person, who carries out the respective accounting record. References Graham, L. (2008).Internal controls. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Montgomery, R. (2013).Auditing. [Place of publication not identified]: Theclassics Us. Wong, L. and Ho, T. (2006).Auditing. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Accredited Accounting Technicians.