The Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham Essay Example for Free

The Principles of morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham EssayIntroductionJeremy Bentham has create verb anyy numerous texts but none has had the towering impact on philosophical and legal thinking as his 1789 work titled An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislations. The obtain spells out a comprehensive theme on the moral and ethical sub structure on which utilitarian philosophy is built. This is followed by an in discernment analysis into the social and legal concerns of crime and punishment. What makes Benthams work extremely useful is the fact that some(prenominal) issues tackled by him grow been highly controversial and extremely chief(prenominal) topics throughout the modern era and continue to be fiercely debated and dwelt upon to this day. Bentham tackles the principle of utility and aims to link it with the legal verb. To Bentham, society sees highest achievable imperious arousal united with the lowest acceptable negative input as something g ood, or worthwhile. On the other hand, societys perception of bad or corrupt is anything which leads to high negative stimulus and nil amount of peremptory(p) feeling. These feelings argon tangible and intangible, that is, they might be felt through the senses or may leave a mark on his/her soul. Bentham assumes that these perceptions are integrated into the rightfulnesss and regulations of a principality and suggests a criterion that calculates the positive and/or negative impact of any decisions flowing from the courts.Bentham identifies the magnitude of the decision, its time scale, its dependability, its qualitative aspects, its fruitfulness, its chastity, and the degree to which it engulfs the stakeholders as the binding tools using which the impact that a certain decision will have can be calculated and on the cornerstone of which the idea of punishment can be studied and its effectiveness as a tool for social correction and betterment can be estimated, including its posit ive and negative effect on society.Bentham urges law makers and those who interpret of the law to measure the effectiveness of the punishment for it is possible that society, made up of many egos, may grasp otherwise and the attempt to suppress a negative act may lead to greater manifestation of negativity in the society and its inhabitants. Bentham bases his hypothesis in view of his note that laws and punishments lacking logic and common sense are not needed as they would lead to society towards greater negativity with uttermost reaching consequences.Bentham then goes on to refute the notion that laws are a product of age, faith, literary compositions, fantasies of the military man mind, distaste and fellow feeling. Instead laws, as Bentham sees them, should be constructed by careful examination of the positive and negative stimulus that these prospective laws would have on the society. Rugged Individualism is dangerous for Bentham sees it as a moderate where the hobbyhorse of happiness by the self-importance will have adverse effects on those around him, leading to disorder. Thus, laws should be enacted in view of creating the upper limit amount of positive stimulus and the lowest acceptable amount of negative feeling in favor of the highest number of people.AnalysisBenthams views on the selfs pursuit of positive stimulus is up for scrutiny and synthesis. For Bentham, the self has two primary objectives, being to escape negative feeling and obtain the highest amount of positive feeling. Bentham argues that the pursuit for positive feeling is so strong that the undivided self may seem keen to use others as a stepping stone so as to come to it. It is for this reason that Bentham argues against grouping of individuals for these metrics do not hold for long due to the selfs rugged pursuit of individual positive feeling. Thus, by all definitions, the self follows utilitarianism.Bentham banks upon many factors to support his view that humans have certain unique drivers that attempt to sp shew positivism or negativity amongst those around him. Long pertinacious political corridors are an example. Bentham makes use of the principles sympathy and antipathy by observing that the self fails to respond to certain actions as it does not feel threatened by them. However, if it does measure these actions in view of the personal effects it may have on itself, its reaction is going to be quite powerful.However, Benthams view of the self as a rigid decision maker on social issues is not without error. By narrowing down to what is right and what is wrong, the external influences on the self are disregarded. Bentham suggests that principle is something that points out some external consideration, as a means of warranting and guiding the internal sentiments of approbation and disapprobation. (Bentham, 75)Thus, the fact that external considerations are the ignition for plastic internal sentiments suggests that morality is also shaped by the envi ronment in which the self resides. It is possible though that moral principle is distasteful. By disagreeing to accept principles, the self returns to its pre civilized state of affairs, that is, returns to its instinct.The tie between the catholic school of thought and the modern day autocratic system of government is explained by Benthams statement that homeliness is against the law of human governance as explained by nature itself. To Bentham, twain school of thoughts aim to force a code of ethics on the nation as a whole, a task which is impossible to begin with. This point is best explained when criticizes using the words though many persons of this class have wielded the reins (sic) of empire, we read of none who have set themselves to work, and made laws of purpose. (Bentham, 73)Bentham goes on and projects a better measure on how to instill ethical considerations into society and improve the standard of governance, both stemming from a monarchist system of government. The Rule of Right under which the royals provided justifications that God had entrusted to them the power to rule was an important issue during Benthams lifetime. His theory of Utilitarianism had an answer to all problems of sociology except those arising out of monarchist rule. He argued that when a reformist asked for ethical change in society, the masses responded for this was perceived as something good.Thus, society would be justifiedly governed if the maximum amount of positivism and the lowest amount of negativism would follow from it, Bentham argues that the pursuance of pleasure or positive feeling is paramount to any government. This pursuit of pleasure should extend towards administrative, law making, law enforcement and law making matters. This is evidenced by him saying It is not to be expected that this process should be stringently pursued previously to every moral judgment. (Bentham, 88)By giving thought to the ethical and moral consequences of judicial decision makin g, Bentham argued for radical reform. Thus, it was possible that simplicity could be sacrificed and ethics kept and thus ensure a fair administrative environment. This would also bring an end to the so called rule of right and its religious fervor. Thus, Bentham managed to recumb the groundwork on which future insight into the field of social morality was constructed.Bentham has a very simple yet powerful explanation to the classification of human positivism or negativism. To him, pleasure and pain are either simple or complex and thus never migrate into other stratifications. The basic observation on the pursuit of happiness and soreness has been termed as very shallow prompting Bentham when he says that the simple ones are those which cannot any one of them be firm into more, (Bentham, 90). Thus, for instance, Benthams remark that the end of the law is to augment happiness is a fair code of administration. (Bentham, 97). However, sometimes safety comes at a cost of pleasure and both sides of the coin are aptly discussed in his book. As the old maxim goes, for every dark and light plain there is a gray area.Thus, it was a great feat that Jeremy Bentham managed to break new ground in the study of the origin of the rudiments of the individuals drive and ethics. He provided a theoretical framework under which it became possible for a government to pursue pleasure for all and regard it as fair administration.While positive stimulus builds character, the probability that good might turn into the opposite s always high and present. Dishonesty has been and continues to be a major issue in governance. kick upstairs dwelling upon ways to record these good and bad characters reveals that any government which has positive stimulus at its corner stone ends up being vitiated by the individuals circumstance. This work by Jeremy Bentham provides a while new insight into the world of ethics.ConclusionThe Introduction to the Principles of Morals and legislations by Benth am has make the sub structure on which the rest of English Utilitarian philosophy is built. It is an important commentary on the principle of utility, theory of action, and the tie between law and morality. Bentham examines morality as a subset of human reaction. The author seeks to enact social reform by trying to bring goal congruence between the interests of the individual and the masses.The history of social reform has not seen a great yet low profile philosopher like Jeremy Bentham. This might be due to the length and comprehensiveness of this draining work.Despite that, his work on utilitarianism has evolved as an important pillar in moral philosophy and his work laid the groundwork for this future development. You have succeeded in understanding the book if one manages to understand utilitarianism, its workings, and how egoism and neutralism converge when viewed in an ethical context. This would help the reader in scrutinizing the theory, internally and externally.However, a thorough reading of this text would ensure that works on this topic by later writers like Mill would seem quite easy to comprehend.Work CitedBentham, Jeremy. Principles of Morals and Legislation. United States of America Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879754346.

Victor Meldrew Essay Example for Free

Victor Meldrew EssayHow realistic do you find the character of Victor Meldrew in unmatched Foot in the Grave, base your cause on an analysis of In Luton Airport No-One Can Hear You Scream Victor Meldrew is the main character in a TV course of study named One Foot in the Grave which is a BBC made sitcom. The word sitcom is short for situation comedy. Sitcoms were founded in America, with the first one I Love Lucy beingness a great success all over the world. It was shown on I. T. V, with almost every one enthralled week in and week out.This meant the BBC needed to realize a sitcom of their own to try and justify the television licence, and One Foot in the Grave was one of those sitcoms. Sitcoms atomic number 18 a very touristy genre of TV because they contain many subliminal messages. Sitcom productions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as One Foot in the Grave have many conventions which be there are few main characters, the episodes are episodic (each episode is separate) so you dont have to follow the story lines, most sitcoms have inexpensive sets, prop up and costumes or anything that green goddess easily be carried on or off stage.Most sitcoms last for about 30 minutes and are based on everyday experiences so the audience can relate to them. All of these conventions are there to attract fear to Meldrew. For example having few main characters focuss all our attention on Meldrew and what he is doing. Having inexpensive props (properties), sets and costumes again draws our attention to Meldrew because our attention isnt foc utilise on props or the surroundings and so that the audience can relate to it because stereotypical ageing men dont tend to wear brand names so Meldrew is merely following trend.The majority of the time main characters in sitcoms are stereotypes for example Kevin and Perry are stereotypical teenagers and Victor Meldrew is a great example of a stereotypical old man. Stereo types are used in sitcoms because there is not enough ti me to develop complex characters so when using a stereo type they are instantly recognised. With Meldrew being sterile as an old man we recognise him as being grumpy and stubborn constantly. This is always amusing to watch because we can all relate to it.At the start of the programme we hear the theme tune to One Foot in the Grave which shows a tortoise walking painfully slow which indicates a old person because people think of tortoises as old and slow. There are many quotes in the theme tune which are meant to explain old men, such as Wrinkly, Crinkly and Past my sell by date One Foot in the Grave is made up of many different types of brainpower as are many sitcoms. Meldrews humour tends to be visual, sarcastic and slapstick. In sitcoms the contrast between sane everyday experiences and ridiculous situations can differ in sitcoms.For example during the episode In Luton Airport No-One Can Hear You Scream Meldrew came home to find his house to be nothing more than rubble. This is not in truth an everyday experience which the audience can relate to its more of a ridiculous situation which makes the audience laugh. During sitcoms the audience may wonder whether the programme they are watching is realistic in any way. They may think this when for example when Meldrew is in his natural covering garden sun bathing with his buttocks showing. This is not normal behaviour for an elderly man to do in his back garden.Another example of unrealistic behaviour is when Meldrew turns up at Luton Airport dressed corresponding the Cisco kid. This is not realistic because this is not an outfit you would wear on your way back to Britain. The Still images show us how much effort has been commit into making the episode because it shows us a great deal about the body wording, the lighting and the types of camera angles used. The first still shot is when Meldrew is in the aerodrome cafi and he has just been told about his house being burnt down, the still for this scene show s us there are lots of cheap props such as plastic plants, sombrero and a orange and pink shirt.The lighting is very bright and the camera angle is a medium shot. The body language of Melldrew later on throwing the beer in his face shows him with a semi-open mouth to symbolise disbelief. Still 2 is the still from outside Meldrews house where he is arguing with a neighbour who is rock out of his window from across the street. The props are again inexpensive because they are only stones and bricks. The camera angle is a high shot go about down on Melldrew to show us the power which his neighbour has over him because he is in a warm house and is above Meldrew.Still 3 is of Meldrew unpacking in a forensic suit, holding only a sock which was the only item found from his suitcase which was lost on his way back to Britain. The props used are packing cases and boxes. The lighting is very bright to show us that Meldrew is agitated. The camera shot is a medium shot, and his body language t ells us that he is disgusted. Still 4 is of Meldrew sunbathing in his back garden in his trunks with his buttocks showing. The props used are a towel and some sunglasses. The sun provides all the sun for this shot, the camera angle used is a low shot to show us that Melldrew is helpless.His body language used shows us that he is shocked as his neighbour stumbles across him sun bathing. The conclusion to this is that Meldrew is not a realistic character he is merely a stereotype designed to make us laugh. If Meldrew was realistic most people would not find it funny and therefore not watch the programme. The idea of a sitcom is to make us laugh so if they had masses of characters or a complex setting it would take all the fun out of the programme and defy the whole point of a sitcom.

Time stuffs Essay Example for Free

Time stuffs EssayAs a Non Commisivirtuosod Officer it is extremely important to uphold the standards of exolelnce. It is not enough to precisely say that you open fire, you have to actu on the wholey do it be it. My Sergeant Major Command Sergeant Mojor Duham told me when I first put on hard stripes, he said, Corpral allbody is going to be watching you now.. All of your soldiers will see what you do. All of your leaders will be judging you. All eyes atomic number 18 on the Non Commissioned Officer, I instantly understood what he meant by that. He pined me at the beginning of our deploy field of studyforcet to Iraq, towards the end of that deployment I understood very intamately how true those run-in were.As a soldier it is inherently important to bring home the bacon the simplest of rules. Be in the right place at ther right eon, in the right uniform. How patrician is that? To a soldier that is your complete world, and it re all(prenominal)y is just that easy. It seems like it would be just a s easy for a non comissioned officer to do the same, and by all rights it just be, specially for a veteran thats been doing this for years. Atached to every action of the non commissioned officer is that stigma of excellance. A non commissioned officer should be all means be great a t whot he/she does.There should be an upheld idiology that this person behind those stripes is above the pressure of societal norms, a person that rises above all challenges, a person not berdoned with fear, someone that will consistantly do the right thing no matter how much harder it is to do than the easy thing. The idea of a non commissioned officer should be something al almost superhuman, a fucking Jedi. Thia ia thw im season of tbhe non commissionaed officer that people actually have. When NCOs perform actions that argon anything less than excellent it tants that image. community begin to see that these heros argon just assholes that speak a good game. We absolutely with draw to be men and wemon of integraty , and courage. People dthat uphodlt he standards no matter what. I was late, I was late more(prenominal) thatn once. This councelling that I have agreed to and signed suggest that somebody actually asked my why. That didnt happen. I whould like tto argue that had I ever been talked to close to tardyness the first cartridge clip then there wouldnt have been a second eon. There was no intercourse that involved myself or any of my leadership implementing.Therer is no excuse my actions are as they were recorded I was late. I enjoy better, Ive have it offn better, I dont need to have someone consistantly re promontorying me about soing the right thing. I know very well what the right thing is, what it looks like, and how it is to bwe implemente. Because I know right, I can in full understand why it is unexceptable to have a non commissioned officer consistantly performing bellow the standard. Just the samew it would have been nice to have had a conversation about poor or unsatisfactory performance with my leadership before jumping strait into a written councelling.Gee I hope this doesnt reflect gravely on my NCOER oh wait thats right my leasders have failed to provide my with sufficant councelling and evaluation of my perfaormeance duechbags, Time is said to be eternal. It is said that it has neither a beginning nor an end. Yet men are able to measure it as years, months, years, hours, minutes and seconds. They have alike given meanings to the words past, present and future. True, term has a meaning. It moves. What was yesterday is not today. What is today will not be tomorrow. Yesterday is gone. Today is and tomorrow is yet to come. Yet prison term is said to have no holiday.It exists al charges. The entire creation moves on according to a period pattern. There is birth, growth and death. There is time for everything. Plants flower and give fruits. Seasons come according to time. A child is born, grows into boy hood, adolescence, youth, middle age and old age according to age and time. Every movement of creation is linked with time. One cannot grow paddy in a month nor can a child become an adult in a year. Everything is fixed to a time-frame. Time is a free force. It does not wait for any one. It is normally said that time and tide waits for no man. Time is money.A minute not usefully spent is an eternal release. You can never get affirm the lost minute. One has to strike the iron when it is hot. The time flies and never returns. If you waste time it wastes you. Time is the best medicine, says Ovid. It is said that time bring backs all wounds and it even heals what reason cannot. All human beings are emotional. When negative emotions like fear, anger, envy and jealousy overtake them, they lose reason and act in haste leading to serious consequences. They may repent later, as emotions cool down. But the damage done is done and remains forever.Even that damage can heal with the passage of time. People involved may forget and forgive. That is the immensity of time and its healing touch. Time is said to be a wise counselor. Passage of time allows an individual to grow. This growth gives experience. Experience assistances decision making. Time reminds you to act and to act wisely. The wisest manipulate use of the time fruitfully. It is said that the wisest grieve the most at the loss of time. Those who do not know the importance of time, waste it or rather they spend it doing nothing. There is a proverb which says that killing time is not a murder it is a suicide.It means, by wasting time one is not harming others. On the other hand one is harming himself. Ordinary people merely go on thinking how to spend their time. The wise and talented make use of it fruitfully. Some people always recoil that there is no time for them to do anything. That is not correct. If one wisely plans his activities, there will be time for everything happening according to time. A man wh o is a part of nature cannot complain against time. Time is powerful. It conquers all. Men are only to obey it. Man cannot say that he has nothing of his own.Time which is valuable is all his own. If you are not on time and miss the train, you miss it fore-ever. So overly the time, once you miss it, it flies off. You can never catch it. Hence it is called fleeting time. Let us learn to use our time fruitfully. This is the key to success. Allow me to begin by stating the Dictionarys definition of Punctual timely adj. Acting or arriving exactly at the time appointed prompt. Scheduling the work day is one of the most important duties any leader in the Army or the Armed Forces for that matter, tackle to each one and every day. universe at the right place at the right time for any member of the Armed forces is extremely intrinsic to the defense of the entire United States of America. Its because of this that being on time is remarkably important. Dependability, accountability, union and discip identify are all crucially related to being on time. Furthermore, promptness also shows that the individual Soldier aims high and has their priorities straight. However, being where one unavoidably to be at the appointed time will always be one of the most important aspects of being a Soldier.This is why failure to be on time not only severely hinders mission capability and readiness, but also can without a doubt cost un necessity loss of life. It is important to realize that it is necessary for those in the Armed Forces are held to a higher standard. magical spell promptitude remains and always will, an extremely snappy aspect of military bearing and discipline. It has direct correlation to soldierly appearance, flake readiness, mission effectiveness, and essentially every facet of Military life and business. I cannot place enough emphasis on how important being on time constantly is.For instance a soldier is late or perhaps does not report at all to a place at th e time rateed. That effectively compromises and diminishes the qualification of which the tax is to be completed. In an extreme case a soldier not being on time to relieve the current guards post would cause the combat effectiveness and readiness of the unrelieved guard to be greatly reduced. This would be caused by fatigue, or lack of supplies, etc. Consequently the guard post could be compromised and the security of the area or Forward Operating Basecontinues THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING AT THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME maiden off, scheduling work is a very important duty of any leader in the Army or the Armed Forces to tackle every day. Being at the right place at the right time for any member of the army is extremely essential to the defense of the entire United States of America. Dependability, accountability, consistency and discipline are all crucially related to being on time. In addition, promptness also shows that the individual Soldier has their priorities straight.How ever, being where one needs to be at the appointed time will always be one of the most important aspects of being a Soldier. This is why failure to be on time not only severely hinders mission capability and readiness, but also can cost unnecessary death. It is important to see that it is necessary for those in the Army to be held to a higher standard. While being on time remains and always will be an extremely vital aspect of military bearing and discipline. I cannot say enough on how important being on time constantly is and always will be.For instance a soldier is late or perhaps does not report at all to a place at the time ordered. That effectively compromises and diminishes the efficiency of which the task is to be completed. It is always important to be where you are conjectural to be. In the Army, every leader stresses the fact on being on time or being at the right place or being in the right uniform. So if you have to ask yourself is it important to be where you are told to be? Then you should always answer yes. I think most Soldiers and Leaders will tell you that it is very important. It is my responsibility to be where I am supposed to.It is all about accountability. You have to keep track of your Soldiers. It is your responsibility and your leaders responsibility. They are responsible for your actions as well you. If you fail to take responsibility for your actions or do as you please you can and most likely will be punished continues Time management is very important in order to be successful in life. As a leader of soldiers time management is extremely important in order to get work to get done but also to make time for leisure activities. The most common motivational cold is the lack of interest in certain(prenominal) subjects.The heart of effective time management is a weekly and daily schedule. Also long term goals must be determined in order for short term goals to be established. Be proactive means taking initiative, not waiting for other s to act first, and being responsible for what you do. The opposite of proactive is reactive. responsive people tend to react to what goes on around them. Proactive people act based on principles and purpose. So think with the end in mind when establishing your schedule. Gathering necessary information is an important factor in time management. Planning ahead is another key factor in managing your time.Consult your things to do with a monthly schedule and hang it up in your room. Be sure while you are making a schedule of things to do, you take into good will how long it takes you to complete certain task. Also figure out how much time you have to do certain assignments and break them up into several days if that works best for you. By dividing up your assignments it takes the stress off of you and gives you extra leisure time. When planning ahead use some type of calendar or monthly planner to keep track of your things and also to keep them Prioritizing work assignments is crucial to successful time management.Some people do not know how to prioritize and become procrastinators. Deciding which tasks are the continues Being late is becoming a more and more common trend among people of all walks of life, especially in the United States Army. This is completely unacceptable and it violates the Army Values, costs the military more money, and reflect very poorly on the soldier and his first line supervisor. There are many methods available to prevent being late as well as proper steps to take once you know you are going to be late and there is nothing else you can do about it.The Army Values, Leadership, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, and Personal Courage. When you are late to anything, whether it be a formation or appointment, it goes against nearly all of these values that are instilled in all soldiers. All soldiers are supposed to display the ability to be an effective leader at all time. This is impossible if you are late. For example, if you are a Specialist promotable and late to a few formations that is noticed by the fork around you. Once you make Sergeant they are going to remember those times you were late and question your ability as a leader.It is your duty to follow the orders of those appointed above you as long as they are lawful and moral. When you are told to be at a certain location at a certain time then you are expected to be there. If you cant preform the simple task of arriving on time to a formation or keeping an appointment, then responsibility. Respect is the key to a functioning Army all the way around. Respect must be shown from there is no way you can meet the requirements for duties that require more subordinate to leader, and vice versa from leader to subordinate.Not arriving to a formation at the appointed time is blatant discourtesy toward your leaders, and if no respect is shown toward the leader it will never be returned to the subordinate. When you chose to be late it shows that you a re more worried about yourself than your unit or your career. This is The importance of being on time in the military is probably one of the most stressed responsibilities in the services today. The definition of being on time or punctual is acting or arriving exactly at the time appointed prompts. Or in military terms being where you are supposed to be when you are supposed to be there.It is the easiest thing to do when it comes to the military but yet many soldiers including myself struggle every day trying to make it to that early morning formation to conduct pt when the civilian world is not awakening for another hour or so. (102) The main reason punctuality is so important is for accountability. Aaccountability is the acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies including the administration, governance, and implementation within the scope of the role or position and encompassing the obligation to report, explain and be answerabl e for resulting consequences.As a term related to governance, accountability has been difficult to define. It is frequently described as an account-giving relationship between individuals, e. g. A is accountable to B when A is obliged to inform B about As (past or future) actions and decisions, to justify them, and to suffer punishment in the case of eventual misconduct. duty cannot exist without proper accounting practices in other words, an absence of accounting means an absence of accountability. (215) Without any form of accountability there would be no way of knowing where anyone is at any given point of time.Which in turn would lead to utter confusion all the time? No one would know what anyone was doing, who had appointments, who was on leave or tasking, and if someone just did not show up for duty that particular day. (276) In my opinion being punctual is one of the most important traits someone can have it not only shows a great deal of responsibility but it also shows Wha t Is The prolificness Of Time In Our Life? Time is extremely important in our life it helps us structure our daily lives and activities, so that we can live more organized, productive lives.While there are always drawbacks to being too conscious of time (such as the feeling of being ruled by the clock), it is essential that we have this marker to use while we work, play, and grow older. Time may also be viewed in a more philosophical sense time represents special milestones, including birthdays, anniversaries, and the births of children. This is one of the reasons why our own date of birth is special to us. Many people keep diaries and journals to mark the passing of time these records become rich treasure troves of vital information about every day doings and any special achievements, problems, or activities.The passing of time escapes no one we are all subject to aging and the fear of mortality. For some, the idea of getting older is a stressful one others will feel more amiabl e to ever-changing and passing through the later decades of life. For women, loss of youth may be a concern as time passes this is one of the reasons why the beauty industry makes billions of dollars. Women seek out special serums and creams touted to reverse the visible signs of aging however, getting older is natural, and the physical and cosmetic changes that come about through the years cannot really be halted forever.Men may fear loss of virility or strength as they age. Often, people in their forties may experience a mid-life crisis, as they become suddenly aware that they are no longer young, and that half of their life is now over. The best defense against the worries associated with contemplating time is to use the time you have effectively. Living happily and with purpose can be simpler with proper time management. Getting the most out of each day, and enjoying life to the fullest, will help you understand the importance of every moment.

The Lewis Model

The Lewis ModelDescribe the Lewis personate as a model for structural change. How does the Harris-Todaro model of bucolic-urban migration differ from the assumptions and the outcomes of the Lewis model?Economic growth refers to the increasing robust capacity of the country, which provides in an increase in productive output and national income. There ar numerous theories relating to sparing growth and impacts as a result growth. Rural to urban migration has played an important role in growth and has resulted in structural change of an economy. Structural change can be out banknoted as change in the sectors of an economy over a time series. Specific to this The Lewis model demonstrates when under mounted economies convert their tralatitious economic sectors in uncouth areas into a modern, industrialised urban areas (Todaro, Smith 2009). The Lewis model is angiotensin-converting enzyme of devil approaches that are based on the structural transformation. The model is based o n two sectors and the relationship between the supply and transition of wear out and its resulting impact upon development. The Harris-Todaro model focuses upon incomes between boorish and urban areas and how they vary, it states that income aims are seen as racyer in urban areas which charm migration to the area. Principally, the essence of both models link back to the development of urban areas, and the migration process, however, the assumptions of each model varies which impacts upon the results.The Lewis model, also known as the two or two-fold sector model, was developed by Nobel Laureate W. Arthur Lewis in the 1950s, nevertheless it is still used 60 years on. There are two main aims of the model firstly the transfer of dig up, and secondly the impact upon the modern sector through growth of output and economic consumption. One of the two sectors discussed in this model is the traditional countrified sector in countrified areas. The second sector is the industrialise d urban area. Labour supply extracted from the traditional agricultural rural area does not change its output as it is transferred to the modern industrial urban sector. The marginal product of childbed is defined as the change in productivity that occurs from a one unit change in labour. The reason as to why output is not affected is due to the marginal productivity of labour being zero in due to the overpopulation, which is a key characteristic in the rural area, and thus leading to a surplus of labour. Urban industrialised sector is characterised by high productivity.The diagram below of the Lewis model illustrates the impact of the transfer of labour on both the traditional and modern sector. I will first discuss the traditional sector diagram (1a and 1b). Diagram 1a demonstrates that as quantity of labour increases kernel food production increases. This is until a certain point, where it then stabilises and levels off, due to restrictions at this level by labour. Using the total product curve we can then derive the marginal product of labour and the average product of labour. The dashed line passing through both diagrams illustrate the level of labour accessible in the rural economy. Firstly, as discussed previously due to surplus of labour, the diminishing marginal product of labour is zero which is reflected in the diagram. The average product (APLA) of labour is calculated by using the total product of food and dividing it by the labour available, thus giving us the a level of WA food per person. WA represents the real engage income earned in the agricultural sector. The surplus labour which is transferred to the modern sector can be illustrated by the red arrows in diagram 1b.The next set of diagrams (2a and 2b) focuses on the modern industrial sector. Diagram 2a illustrates the total product of manufacturing curves for three different levels of labour. The total product of manufacturing is a function of capital (KM) and labour (L). The marginal product of labour can be construe as demand curves for labour. WA represents average real income in the traditional sector in 1b, whereas WM is the real income in the modern sector. The supply curve in the diagram is completely horizontal, this suggests a perfectly elastic supply, and this would link well with the surplus labour (shown in figure 1b). The demand curve for labour is negatively sloping this is due to declining marginal product influencing. This is exceedingly likely due to the assumption of the modern sector to employ until marginal physical product is mates to real wage (L1 on diagram). The KM curves also represents demand, it rises from KM1 to KM2 and KM3. This is due to the reinvestment assumption that the Lewis model makes, increasing capital stock and in the long run economic growth. The process then continues up until a point where the surplus labour is transferred to modern industrialised sector.After the self sustaining growth process has stopped, labour fro m the rural sector will only be transferred at a high(prenominal) cost of lost food production. One of the key changes is that the marginal product of labour is no longer zero in the rural sector. The structural shift of the rural economic reliance to the urban industrial sector is complete.An essential approximation to consider before discuss the next model is that rural to urban migration has become extremely high, this could affect the probability of employment opportunities and also the impact upon genial services of the developing urban area. A model which can explain this relationship between rural urban migration and rising unemployment is the Harris Todaro model. The model states that income is the primary influence the decision making process of migrants, and that they do not consider the difference between expected and actual income they might receive. If the potential income earned in the urban sector is more than expected income in the rural agricultural sector, the h igher income would draw the workers to migrate from rural to urban. This would suggest that the only reason for migration is to get higher paid jobs. This process should indeed result in the income difference narrowing due to the interactions of supply and demand. However, the likeliness of this occurring is small, due to high unemployment in urban areas umpteen stack have to settle for jobs in the low paid informal sector. Skilled labour and labour with a greater level of education are likely to get better jobs for a good pay in the formal sector. However, it is never guaranteed and many could be over skilled for the job they are doing. Time horizons can be an important factor to consider when making rational decisions. If a worker only considers the current time frame it is highly unlikely that he or she would enter employment at a higher wage than in rural areas. However, the probability would increase if the future likeliness of getting a job is considered. The worker may p lan that initially pay is low and the job is fairly low skilled, nevertheless, in time skills improve, connections develop and the job is likely to improve and the probability of a higher income also increases. In this model urban incomes would have to be equated in order for migration from rural to urban to be seen as unbeneficial. Expected income considers two factors wages and unemployment. If wages in urban areas are higher than rural, the unemployment rate would have to be in accordance to the percentage difference in income. However, there are seen to be more benefits than income in the urban areas, therefore even though unemployment rate may be chronically high people still do attempt to migrate for better quality of life.The diagram above includes two main sectors floriculture in the rural area and manufacturing in the urban area. The line AA represents labour demand for the agricultural sector and MM for the manufacturing sector. Total labour force is on the horizontal axi s from OA to OM. The equilibrium wage is thus at the point where the AA and MM curves cross, E on the diagram. However, if wages in the manufacturing industry is set higher than agriculture at a level WM, the difference from the equilibrium (E) wage rate for agriculture (WA*) is high. When considering the impact of this upon labour it would mean less labour would be able to find jobs in the urban area. From LM to OM to be exact, on the diagram highlights urban area employment, thus leaving OA to LM as rural labour or even unemployment at wage WA**. Nevertheless, many people still chance for employment at a higher wage and migrate to urban areas. The line qq shows the line of indifference between rural and urban sectors for jobs. This is calculated by using a formula which shows probability of the likelihood of finding a job in the urban area and the rate at which it is able to equate agricultural income with potential income earned in urban areas (Todaro, Smith 2009). This results i n the equilibrium shifting to point F on the diagram, this lowers the wage from WM bar to WA. However, the labour gap is not reduced, OA to LM is still employment in rural areas or unemployment as urban labour is LM OM. Thus illustrating the reason as to why unemployment in urban area occurs, people risk migrating in order to achieve a higher wage. However, the probability of finding a well paid job in the formal sector is very low.Describe both models in detail, with graphsCompare and contrast the assumptions and how they shape the outcomes.

Developing India with internet banking

Developing India with cyberspace bankingOnline banking also k like a shotn as lucre banking is a service that is allowed by the banks to its customers for accessing bank accounts and services offered by them via internet. The invention of online banking was started by the banks in New York in 1980 and its services were offered correctly from 1995. In 1995, the presidential savings bank became the first financial provider to offer lucre banking and soon it spread with well-known banks such as Citibank, Chase Manhattan. We can encounter through this, that paperwork and other hassles ar greatly reduced by banking online. People need non defy to waste their meter going to banks and other transactions, it involves merely a click and all(prenominal) information will be in front of you. In proper terms, online banking is a system which allows individual to execute banking exploit and activities from home through internet. It can be either said that the use of telephones and telec ommunications which helps in banking transactions to be done by computer rather than gentleman interaction. It can be also known as home banking, wherein you can check your accounts every now and then.Gone are those days, when people followed the traditional method acting of standing in a queue for several hours and filling up forms to withdraw amount or for something relative. The incarnation of net banking proved to be era saving and much easier in process. Today we are in era of orbiculateization. Multinational banks worldwide have preferred e-banking as their first strategic source. progression in global world is due to technology. There has been improvement in fields of maintenance, storage, availability and transfer of data. The world has now become a global village. Banks have now modified themselves by providing services through internet. It begun from computerization networking ATMs and now e- banking, this movement of chain helped banks increase their tie- ups with g lobal banks. Internet banking admits the manipulation of internet as a delivery channel for banking activities. In simple terms, a person can operate his bank website 24/7 hours. This reduces wasting time daily chattering banks for every minute thing and thus provides the user (customer) to manage online help from home.The evolution of technology in Indian banks started from 1990s. In the resist five years, the usage of IT in foreign and private sector banks increased rapidly, by which competition and worldwide internet phenomena has emerged. In past years we have seen dramatic changes, reservation customer satisfied about the aspect of banking. Indian metros are heading in online banking today. There are functions such as draw dial up connection, public and private networks using devices like telephone and personal computer including automated teller machines (ATMS).Some online banks like ICICI pious platitude, STATE BANK OF INDIA, BANK OF INDIA, HDFC, etc. are traditional ba nks which offer online banking, while others are only online banks with less features and services. But in India there are no particular banks dealing only with online banking and does non have its existence. Through online banking customers can accomplish all daily transactions such as account transfers, wire transfer, oddment inquiries, bill payments and stop payment request, some others offer online loan and credit card application. It also offers services like e-cheque, travelers checks and cashiers checks. Account information can be accessed anytime, anywhere via World Wide Web. It helps the banks to attract new customers to broaden their own profit and goodwill. In spite of these advantages can anyone analyze what is the drawback of online banking? It is observed that online banking system making an online account is very time consuming. In this case, there are limited banks which offer online banking in limited areas. In addition to this, if an account bearer pays online, he/she has to introduce check request before two weeks due payment. But the banks can withdraw the amount when a notification is received from the account holder it meant that the account holder without knowing has lost his interest of two weeks on that payment.Where does India stand in usage of online banking? Now in India every banks has the facility of e- banking, which is now extending even in rural areas by educating about the advantages and attracting their attention towards e-banking. This will help our country develop in technological advancement. It is said that not every banks but some evolving banks offer service and advanced features. The online banking manages savings account, credit cards, fixed deposit and insurance. Customers attracted to online banking should also understand about the security which the banks provide, else the password or the personal details may be easily hacked by any person.Aims and ObjectivesThe main aim of this research is to find out customers satisfaction by usage of internet banking and improvement in Indian e- banking in near future. My objective is to have comparative study on internet banking and significance of the services provided by the banks in India. To mainly find out what is the status of online banking in India. My aim is to provide readers what can be possible through online banking. To state the status and ratings of Internet banking in todays world. To understand the concept of Online Banking and can it be helpful for future banking organization, would it develop as compared to UK banks. To mainly concentrate on the reason, that why people are switching on to internet banking. To understand the position and to develop Indian banks it in near future.Literature reviewHow do people look upon online banking in India? The research says very few uses it for the purpose of services offered by the banks and for transactions but rest dont even know they follow the old method and visit the bank as much as possible . Some banks dont have features or services which the other banks provides, either it can be said that banks in India does not provide services that are offered by the UK banks for e.g. card reader which is not yet bought in notice of Indian banks. There are some banks in UK especially for net banking known Net banks, where there is only physical appearance but in India there is no such banks only associate to Internet banking. India is still in a progress to make its position in global world but still it needs to understand the greatness of internet banking. The ratings for online banking in India is quite low only those skilled people use it, while others still rely on the bankers to check their transaction. Online banking advantages and disadvantagesThe problems related to online banking let in security risk, operational risk, system architecture risk, legal risk. Apart from the first risk i.e. security riskthere is limited internet user base, need of system to advanced technol ogy for banking services,customer usage for internet base is less in India so as compared to global standards,customers with orthodox mentality does not approve the internet transaction as they are not comfortable,there is limited awareness about the potential of internet banking on the part of banks. essential Research QuestionDoes online banking open up new markets for banks?

Management Essays Key Communication Skill

Management Essays Key Communication SkillKey Communication SkillThe ability to negotiate is a key confabulation skill and ofttimes takes place in the context of confrontation. How washbowl meetings be managed to ensure useful outcomes are achieved, particularly when the participants may have very different objectives? Use examples from real(a) meetings where possible.Abstract Business meetings frequently take place with the view to totallyow executives to explore and achieve want system of rulesal objectives. They are to publish of plans, updates, progress and outcomes of trading strategies. At times these meetings are excessively between parties outside the organization. Whichever the case, negotiation skills are critical in helping managers to persuade another(prenominal) participants to variegate their views and take for granted the ones that are presented at the meeting. The ability to negotiate therefore is key to communication at meetings and required by profess orshippersons/leaders/participants to conduct successful occupation meetings.IntroductionMeetings outhouse be frustrating and at times not necessary if the objectives of the encounter are not clearly identified. Business persons get frustrated at the absolute frequency and quality of the meetings they attend (or conduct) declaring them a waste of time and resources. The value of such meetings is compromised when parties attending the meeting come out unsatisfied and frustrated by the close turn overed. With the rate of meeting timings increasing everyday in organizations engaging executives 75 percent to 100 percent of their time, the success rate is diminishing day by day due to rapid decisions made and implemented (Timm 1997).Meetings participants are likely to feel disappointed and unsatisfied with the results of meetings especially when they spend less time in preparing and supply for meetings they attend. It is therefore not surprising to find that there are numerous doc uments and books published on meetings and how participants can engage in fruitful endeavours without conciliatory their own position. As a buckram communication framework, meetings can make or break a business therefore consideration for its success is critical. negotiation as a key to communication skills must be integrated on with other meetings strategies with the view to ensure outcomes are achieved to the desires of the participants without frustrating either party. nominate Statement In the following survey the researcher shall outline how negotiation as a key to meetings communication skill can be utilise to achieve business objectives despite participant differences in objectivity. The report shall first outline the plan of meetings followed by how business meetings should be conducted and what elements are critical for its success. This is reason with recommendations for successful business meetings.ReportPurpose of communication Building a corporate culture is pegged in the setting up of an effective communication system. Organizations shape and influence the behavior of individuals done powerful communication strategies and culture so that they can help in achieving organizational objectives. When used appropriately, communication can scoreer insightful outline of the organizations vision and mission, goals and objectives and more heavyly how these may be implemented. To perpetuate conducive business environment, executives and management often engage in communication dialogues for numerous determinations and on a variety of occasions. According to Deborah J. Barrett (Oliver 2004) organizations engage in communication to mediate change management. Executives and top management uses its communication framework to communicate the need for change to cope up with the dynamic business environment. They engage in meetings with employees to communicate identification of roles in carrying out tasks required for the change management.Employees an d employer meetings therefore is a top-down approach to communication with the purpose to form powerful coalition, creating vision, empowering workers to act on vision, carry out plans and consolidating efforts for change management (Barrett in Oliver 2004). However, often management in the flow of forming their objectives fail to recognize the objectives of individuals working within their organizations, resulting in ineffective and useless weekly meetings that achieve less and waste more time and resources.In another scenario communication through meetings among managers to discuss and generate ideas and feedback on work progress is also normal. Purely administrative communication of this nature is carried out with the purpose to analyze and update on organizational progress. Managers of unhomogeneous departments communicate their intent, delegate by expressing their proposals and establish chain of command of internalized processes for plan implementation purposes. They communic ate with other managers and executives to update progress and express their desire for shared resources or to provide feedback to evaluate existing or forthcoming problems within and outside the organization. In such instances the climate of communication may not appeal to the participants as each attempt to put forth their ideas and expect acceptance from the others. For this reason resistance and barriers to communication are expected. The participants tend to bargain or negotiate their way with others with the hope to elicit collaborative actions (Ramundo 1994).Another and perhaps the most important aspect of clod communication in meetings is the objective to elicit business outcomes from individuals outside the organizations like sellers, suppliers, unions, shareholders or directors where the basic premise of the meeting is to negotiate and come to legitimate engaging outcomes. Meeting participants therefore come to the style geared to negotiate and to reject opponents propo sals. The purpose of these corporate meetings therefore is to overcome the barriers to communication and come out as the wining party.Negotiations in business meetings Meetings in todays business world compromise of participants negotiating defensively (Foster 2004). Whether one is a buyer, a supplier, a union leader or a client successful meeting participants are those who negotiate before the contract is signed. Spending some time to communicate the details of the contract like clauses, agree upon provisions, price or salary can help the negotiator in achieving the desired outcomes. Once a meeting is convened, the participants assume the roles of the negotiators engaging dialogues that elicit their objectives and purpose for participating. It is best that participants define the objectives and account for the desired outcomes. Successful negotiators usually plan their strategies before contact so that they can concentrate on non-aggressive yet neat dialogues to persuade the oppo nent in accepting their terms.For instance a union leader and a company management will likely have their strategies pen down before they enter the meeting room. They are likely to engage in dialogues that reflect clauses that they plan to negotiate upon. Such planning is critical as it helps the negotiators to direct the meeting and also to save time by concentrating on the objectives only rather than engage in meaningless communication.In such placements pack Manktelow of Mind Tools (2005) is of the opinion that negotiation skills are essential in meetings and conflict situations where the participants need to appropriate their dialogues to seek wining negotiation. The participants who lose out tend to become confrontational or harbour a grudge against the wining party. Consequently the modern adage for negotiation is to create a win-win situation whereby both parties gain from the negotiation. this approach is not only critical for resolving disputes and have a lasting effect on the business relationship but it also open up carry of communication in the long term.Nevertheless, this is not to say that negotiation dialogues always result in win-win situations. In cases of policies making, or buying of a house or selling a product negotiation often result in one party losing and the other wining. For this purpose it is recommended that the situation is dealt with in an amicable port through excessive planning for counter arguments without having to be aggressive to the other person. The key to such business meetings is to negotiate the terms of trade rather than focussing on defeating the opponent (Manktelow 2005). Consideration for trades terms, alternatives, expected outcomes, consequences, and possible resolutions are critical to the negotiation situation.Communication in meetings Meetings as discussed in the previous sections are formal communications in organizations and businesses carried out by participants with certain objectives expressed and ne gotiated in the course of the meeting. Successful meetings are those that engage negotiation strategies to focus and achieve desired objectives. These strategies need to be carried out in a very conducive mood so as not to offend opponent yet reach the end results amicably. For this purpose, Joan Mulholland (1991) recommends certain kind of speech acts chosen to represent a range of meanings and significance designed to represent and develop negotiation content.These acts should be considered often and may be integrated in negotiation dialogues to express certain context and performance of certain actions. Mulholland posit that communication during a negotiation meeting entail the use of body language as well as speech specification. Careful use of language notations and sentence structure can greatly influence the results of the encounter. For example one of the most important parts of meetings is the participants acceptance or rejection of proposed ideas. Depending on the individ ual perception offer or proposal can be accepted, rejected or reach a compromise.Depending on how the proposal is presented the response from the participants can damage cooperation behaviour and result in conflict situation if it is rejected. To mediate and elicit a positive response even if the participant is hesitant about accepting the proposed idea should demonstrate a cooperative post by acknowledging the ideas without acceptance by saying Thats an idea worth consideration given general acceptance like we would be keen to do something along those lines on day. or set up a response from other participants or voice hesitation before acceptance (Mulholland 1991).On the other hand in cases of real acceptance of ideas participants should not hasten to communicate acceptance immediately but should ask for additional information and reports to reach to informed decisions. The important aspect of the meeting is to show to the participants that the outcome should be mutual. Furthermor e, acceptance in situations of business meetings should be entirely separate from the person who has communicated and negotiated the deal.The communicator should communicate the fact that the organization or institutions with which he is associated and himself are two different entities and any personal remarks should not constitute as business dialogues. The content or objectives of the meeting should also be separated from participants who attend it. These considerations are important for participants to be objective in their decisions whether it is a rejection or acceptance or something in between (Mulholland 1991). Hence, a human resources manager conducting a performance appraisal (a type of meeting) should communicate its objectivity and his/her role as the mediator and the organizations requirement. He/she should also communicate the disengagement of the employees records and performance outcome from himself the evaluator. Any negative outcome from the performance appraisal meeting should not be associated with the ill-will of the appraiser. This can be expressed through communicatory communication between the participants.Effective meetings The above dynamics are critical for influencing the progress of meetings in the desired direction of organizational objectives. However, implementing these dynamics does not inevitably guarantee efficacy of meetings. Instead there are certain procedures that need to be followed and managed for meetings to achieve its objectivity. Adair and Thomas (2003) prescribe preparation and the following formality planning Informality Participation Purpose LeadershipThey also outline the importance of purpose in meetings To pool available information To make decisions To let off steam/tension To change attitudes To instruct/teachGathering information, reports, agendas and laying out technical data or equipment in put on are helpful. Meetings should be purposeful so that the information relegated is meani ngful for the participants to absorb, analyze and make decisions. Whether it is a meeting of signing contracts, an employee-employer appraisal meeting or a purchase of an asset, advance planning is critical in enabling the participants to focus on the objectives.Since meetings are of groups of people from different background, different meetings tend to develop personalities of its own. Leaders or the chair persons must make efforts to understand the personality of the participants conformity, values, attitudes, prejudice or power so that they can effectively communicate in a certain manner to influence participants thinking (Adair and Thomas 2003).Furthermore, Kellie Fowler (2005) is of the opinion that running effective meetings is inherent in the skills of the leader who is managing the meeting. The leader should Generate an agenda to all involved in the meeting Start the discussion and encourage active participation Work to keep the meeting at a comfortable pace not contem ptible too fast or too slow Summarize the discussion and the recommendations at the end of each logical section Circulate minutes to all participants (Fowler 2005)But perhaps the most important aspect is the fine tuning of negotiation skills so that outcomes can be achieved. The first step is to choose the chastise participants to contribute to the decision making and problem solving initiatives. The key is to try to keep the number of participants to 12 and ensure that they are knowledgeable in the protrude under consideration. The leaders role in enumerating on the agenda, guiding the participants and direct them towards it, and summing up of the debate is critical as he/she is the one who rounds up the various views to resolve the issues discussed. Confusions, misunderstanding and mix-up of any sort should be clarified before decisions are made.The basic premise for such meetings often stem from the debates or negotiating points presented by the participants. The leader or th e chairperson acting as the mediator must keep the above communication principles and dynamics in mind to bleed the participants in taking part in the decision and not feel neglected or lose out in the negotiation.Conclusion The above report on meetings enumerate on the process and management of effective meetings. It also outlines the importance of negotiation skills in contributing to successful business meetings under certain circumstances. The purpose of meetings as discussed is to focus on planned agenda and achieve desired outcomes. Many business meetings deviate from this focus and tend to result in inefficacy and waste of time. For this reason it is recommended that meeting participants develop planned agendas, focus on objectives and agenda, and direct the flow of communication dialogues in the same direction.More importantly, for business meetings to reach its desired conclusions, participants should engage in amicable negotiation strategies in which both parties attain a win-win situation. This adage has proven beneficial and fruitful for meetings participants as it relegated non-aggressive business conduct and communication yet at the same time achieves the desired corporate objectives.Successful meetings therefore are those that engage in all-embracing preparation, allow time for participants to understand agendas and purpose of the meeting and equip themselves with information for debates and discussion. Meetings that elicit positive response engage participants in positive and non-aggressive dialogues by allowing them to communicate their ideas and reservations. The leader or the participant has the choice to reject or accept or compromise but these should be communicated in an amiable manner without offend the opposing parties and at the same time do not compromise ones own position. Overall successful meetings are those that influence the objectives which the participants had before they entered the meeting room and persuade them to see one s own point of view and adopt it.References Barrett, D. J. 2004, A best-practice approach to designing a change communication programme from Sandra Oliver, A enchiridion of Corporate Communication and Strategic Public Relations Pure and Applied. Routledge New York. p20. Foster, J. Jul 2004, Negotiate Defensively, Successful Meetings. Vol.53, Iss. 8 pg. 24 Manktelow, J. 2005, Win-Win Negotiation Finding a upright compromise. Mind Tools, Accessed on 26-11-2005 from http//www.mindtools.com/stress/cwt/TeamNegotiationSkills.htm Mulholland, J. 1991, The Language of Negotiation A Handbook of Practical Strategies for Improving Communication. Routledge New York p137. Ramundo, B. A. 1994, The Bargaining Manager Enhancing Organizational Results through Effective Negotiation. Quorum Books Westport, CT. p85. Timm, P. R. 1997, How to Hold Successful Meetings 30 Action Tips for Managing Effective Meetings (30-Minute Solutions Series), Career Press.

The Use Of Setting In A & P Essay -- essays research papers

The setting of A & P is quite usual for a regular grocery store on a week twenty-four hours. The town is north of Boston, five miles from the beach. Since the store is right in the middle of town, banks and churches and the newspaper store can been seen from the front doors. The day is Thursday, so on that point is not very much business. Outside, the sun can be seen on the pavement. The main character, Sammy, is almost nineteen years old and his coworker, Stokesie, is twenty-two and married. The manager, Lengel, is gray and teaches sunlight school. The setting in John Updikes story, A & P, is used as a way to show humor and realism.Updike uses the setting in a way to show humor. In the beginning, Sammy is ringing up an older womans groceries when three bathing suit clad girls walk in. Sammy, of course, forgets what he is doing momentarily, and rings up a box of HiHo crackers double and the old woman catches the mistake (Updike 316). Shes one of these cash-register-watchers, a wit ch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made her day to trip me up, Sammy thinks about the old woman (Updike 316). Updike also makes humorous descriptions of all the other customers. They are referred to as sheep because of the way they move about the store without anything on their minds except what is on their lists (Updike 318).The setting also gives a sense of realism in the story, making everything describ...